Education for sustainable development in Somalia: do economic growth, energy consumption, and population density affect ecological footprints?

Somalia faces intensifying ecological challenges, from deforestation to energy dependency. A recent study evaluates how education, energy consumption, population density, and economic growth impact Somalia’s ecological footprint from 1990 to 2020. Using ARDL and DOLS econometric models, the research uncovers several critical insights. First, energy consumption—lar