This study examines the effects of energy consumption, industrialization, and urbanization on environmental sustainability in Somalia from 1990 to 2020. The analysis demonstrates that energy consumption significantly contributes to environmental pollution due to Somalia’s reliance on fossil fuels and biomass, while industrialization, despite its modest scale in the

The paper investigates the environmental impacts of agriculture, renewable energy, economic growth, and urbanization on Somalia’s ecological footprints and CO2 emissions, using time-series data from 1990 to 2020. The findings reveal that while agriculture and renewable energy significantly reduce both ecological footprints and CO2 emissions in the long run, agri